Clinical application of Flow-through bridge anterolateral thigh flap in repair of complex calf soft tissue defects / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effectiveness of Flow-through bridge anterolateral thigh flap transplantation in the treatment of complex calf soft tissue defects.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of the patients with complicated calf soft tissue defects, who were treated with Flow-through bridge anterolateral thigh flap (study group, 23 cases) or bridge anterolateral thigh flap (control group, 23 cases) between January 2008 and January 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. All complex calf soft tissue defects in the two groups were caused by trauma or osteomyelitis, and there was only one major blood vessel in the calf or no blood vessel anastomosed with the grafted skin flap. There was no significant difference between the two groups in general data such as gender, age, etiology, size of leg soft tissue defect, and time from injury to operation ( P>0.05). The lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) was used to evaluate the sufferred lower extremity function of the both groups after operation, and the peripheral blood circulation score of the healthy side was evaluated according to the Chinese Medical Association Hand Surgery Society's functional evaluation standard for replantation of amputated limbs. Weber's quantitative method was used to detect static 2-point discrimination (S2PD) to evaluate peripheral sensation of the healthy side, and the popliteal artery flow velocity, toenail capillary filling time, foot temperature, toe blood oxygen saturation of the healthy side, and the incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#No vascular or nerve injury occurred during operation. All flaps survived, and 1 case of partial flap necrosis occurred in both groups, which healed after free skin grafting. All patients were followed up 6 months to 8 years, with a median time of 26 months. The function of the sufferred limb of the two groups recovered satisfactorily, the blood supply of the flap was good, the texture was soft, and the appearance was fair. The incision in the donor site healed well with a linear scar, and the color of the skin graft area was similar. Only a rectangular scar could be seen in the skin donor area where have a satisfactory appearance. The blood supply of the distal limb of the healthy limb was good, and there was no obvious abnormality in color and skin temperature, and the blood supply of the limb was normal during activity. The popliteal artery flow velocity in the study group was significantly faster than that in the control group at 1 month after the pedicle was cut, and the foot temperature, toe blood oxygen saturation, S2PD, toenail capillary filling time, and peripheral blood circulation score were significantly better than those in the control group ( P<0.05). There were 8 cases of cold feet and 2 cases of numbness on the healthy side in the control group, while only 3 cases of cold feet occurred in the study group. The incidence of complications in the study group (13.04%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (43.47%) ( χ 2=3.860, P=0.049). There was no significant difference in LEFS score between the two groups at 6 months after operation ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Flow-through bridge anterolateral thigh flap can reduce postoperative complications of healthy feet and reduce the impact of surgery on blood supply and sensation of healthy feet. It is an effective method for repairing complex calf soft tissue defects.

Hérnia muscular: relato de caso diagnosticado pela ultrassonográfico / Muscular herniation: case report diagnosed by ultrasonography / Herniación muscular: reporte de caso diagnosticado por ultrasonografía

A hérnia muscular em extremidades é uma condição incomum e subdiagnosticada. A maioria das massas é indolor e assintomática. No entanto, em alguns casos, podem se tornar dolorosas após exercícios físicos prolongados. Neste relato de caso temos um paciente de 18 anos, queixando-se de abaulamento na perna esquerda após atividade física, com suspeita inicial de lipoma de extremidade A ultrassonografia identificou uma hernia muscular, destacando a importância de uma detecção precoce para que haja um tratamento adequado sem complicações, gastos desnecessários e diagnósticos equivocados.

Muscular hernia in extremities is an uncommon and underdiagnosed condition. Most masses are painless and asymptomatic. However, in some cases, muscle hernia can become painful after prolonged physical exercise. In this case report, we present an 18-year-old patient complaining of bulging in the left leg after physical activity, with initial suspicion of lipoma of the extremity. Ultrasonography identified a muscle hernia, highlighting the importance of early detection and leading adequate treatment without complications, unnecessary expenses, and misdiagnoses.

La hernia muscular en extremidades es una patología poco frecuente e infradiagnosticada. La mayoría de las masas son indoloras y asintomáticas. Sin embargo, en algunos casos, la hernia muscular puede volverse dolorosa después de un ejercicio físico prolongado. En este reporte de caso, presentamos a un paciente de 18 años que consulta por abultamiento en la pierna izquierda después de la actividad física, con sospecha inicial de lipoma de la extremidad. La ecografía identificó una hernia muscular, destacando la importancia de la detección temprana y conducir un tratamiento adecuado sin complicaciones, gastos innecesarios y diagnósticos erróneos.

Hemimelia tibial: Presentación de un caso / Tibial Hemimelia

Introducción: La hemimelia tibial o hemimelia paraxial longitudinal tibial, es una deficiencia congénita de la tibia. Esta deficiencia de los miembros inferiores longitudinal tibial, es muy rara y su frecuencia está en el orden de 1: 1 000 000 de niños nacidos vivos. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de hemimelia tibial diagnosticado por medio del cuadro clínico y radiografías y tratado quirúrgicamente. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de dos horas de nacido, atendido por presentar malformación congénita a nivel de la pierna derecha que se presentaba acortada con una prominencia dura a nivel proximal y el pie con deformidad marcada en supinación, aducción y rotación interna. Se realizó examen físico exhaustivo de la extremidad afecta y se constató el acortamiento evidente de la misma. Se indicó radiografía anteroposterior y lateral de la pierna y se observó que el segmento proximal de la tibia y el peroné estaban bien, pero con implantación alta, por lo que se diagnosticó una hemimelia tibial tipo II de Jones. Luego del alta el niño recibió seguimiento por consulta de Genética y el servicio de Ortopedia donde se decidió someterlo a un primer tiempo quirúrgico a los 6 meses de edad, mediante tibialización del peroné. A los 10 meses se realizó un segundo tiempo quirúrgico para centrar el astrágalo al peroné. Conclusiones: La hemimelia tibial se considera un diagnóstico poco frecuente en nuestro medio. No existe prevención conocida. El tratamiento es complejo y altamente especializado, y en algunos casos requiere la amputación temprana del miembro afectado para adaptar al paciente al uso de prótesis(AU)

Introduction: Tibial hemimelia or tibial longitudinal paraxial hemimelia is a congenital deficiency of the tibia. This tibial longitudinal lower limb deficiency is very rare and its frequency is in the order of 1: 1,000,000 live births. Objective: To report a case of tibial hemimelia diagnosed through the clinical condition and radiographs and treated surgically. Case report: We report the case of a two-hour-old male patient, treated for a congenital malformation at the level of the right leg that was shortened with a hard prominence at the proximal level and the foot with marked deformity in supination, adduction and internal rotation. An exhaustive physical examination of the affected limb was carried out and its evident shortening was confirmed. Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays of the leg were indicated and it revealed that the proximal segment of the tibia and fibula were fine, but with high implantation, for which a Jones type II tibial hemimelia was diagnosed. After discharge, the child was followed up by the Genetics consultation and the Orthopedics service, where it was decided to undergo a first stage surgery at 6 months of age, by means of tibialization of the fibula. At 10 months, a second surgical time was performed to center the talus to the fibula. Conclusions: Tibial hemimelia is considered a rare diagnosis in our setting. There is no known prevention. Treatment is complex and highly specialized, and in some cases requires early amputation of the affected limb to adapt the patient to the use of a prosthesis(AU)

Avaliação do controle postural em praticantes de dança de salão / Evaluation of postural control in practitioners of ballroom dancing

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o efeito imediato da prática de dança de salão sobre o controle postural estático de seus praticantes, juntamente aos fatores que possam influenciá-lo. Optou-se por um estudo transversal de caráter observacional quantitativo em uma amostra por conveniência, constituída por 19 homens e 19 mulheres praticantes de dança de salão, que participaram de uma prática de dança de 120 minutos. Foram coletados os dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e sintomas osteomusculares. Para a avaliação do centro de pressão (COP), foi utilizado uma plataforma de força antes e depois da prática. O único fator que demonstrou diferença significativa no controle postural antes da prática de dança foi o sexo, sendo os homens que apresentam maiores deslocamentos no COP. Comparando o efeito da prática de 120 minutos de dança, em todos os participantes, houve uma diminuição do deslocamento do COP na posição bipodal no COPap (p= 0.028) e COPvel (p= 0.003), na posição unipodal COPvel (p= 0.006) e na posição semi-tandem COPml (p= 0.026). O efeito imediato de uma prática de dança de salão contribui para o controle postural em ambos os sexos. (AU)

This study aimed to analyze the immediate effect of the practice ballroom dancing on the static postural control of its practitioners, along with factors that can influence it. We opted for a cross-sectional study of quantitative observational in a sample of convenience of 19 men and 19 women practitioner's ballroom dancing, who participated in a dance practice about 120 minutes. We collected sociodemographic data, anthropometric and musculoskeletal symptoms. For the evaluation of center of pressure (COP), was used a force platform before and after practice. The only factor that demonstrated a significant association with postural control prior to dance practice was the genre, men show greater displacements at the COP. Comparing the effect of the practice of 120 minutes of dance, in all participants, a decrease in COP displacement in the bipedal position in COPap (p = 0.028) and COPvel (p = 0.003), in the single-leg position COPvel (p = 0.006) and in the semi-tandem position COPml (p = 0.026). The immediate effect of a ballroom practice contributes to postural control in both sexes. (AU)

Supernumerary muscles in the posterior leg compartment: a case report / Músculos supernumerarios en el compartimento posterior de la pierna: reporte de un caso

SUMMARY: The leg muscles are organized in anterior, lateral and posterior compartments. The posterior compartment is usually divided in two layers: superficial and deep. The deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are known to mainly plantar flexion and toes flexion. In comparison to the other leg compartments, variations of the posterior one are rare. These variants often involve the presence or absence of one or more muscles, and they have differences among origin and insertion, which leads to confusion between anatomists. We aim to describe a case of a male cadaver that possessed three supernumerary muscles in the lateral and posterior compartments of both legs: the peroneus quartus muscle and two accessory bellies of the flexor digitorum longus. This presentation seems to be very rare and scarcely reported in the literature. These variants have the potential of causing nervous or vascular compression, thus leading to tarsal tunnel syndrome or a symptomatic peroneus quartus. The clinical and surgical implications of this abnormal presentation is discussed.

RESUMEN: Los músculos de la pierna están organizados en compartimentos anterior, lateral y posterior. El compartimento posterior por lo general es dividido en dos capas: superficial y profunda. Se sabe que los músculos profundos del compartimento posterior de la pierna se caracterizan principalmente por participar de la flexión plantar y la flexión de los dedos de los pies. En comparación con los otros compartimentos de la pierna, las variaciones musculares en el compartimiento posterior son raras. Estas variantes suelen implicar la presencia o ausencia de uno o más músculos y presentan diferencias en el origen y en la inserción, lo que conduce a confusión entre los anatomistas. Nuestro objetivo fue describir el caso de un cadáver masculino que poseía tres músculos supernumerarios en los compartimentos lateral y posterior de ambas piernas: el músculo fibular cuarto y dos vientres accesorios del músculo flexor largo de los dedos. Esta presentación parece ser muy rara y escasamente reportada en la literatura. Estas variantes musculares tienen el potencial de causar compresión nerviosa o vascular, lo que conduce al síndrome del túnel del tarso o un cuarto músculo fibular sintomático. Se discuten las implicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas de esta presentación anormal.

Displasia ósea esclerosante en paciente adulto sin diagnóstico previo: presentación de un caso / Bone sclerosing dysplasia in an adult patient without previous diagnosis: a case report

La displasia ósea esclerosante es una afectación en el desarrollo intrínseco del esqueleto, por alteración en la formación y modelado del hueso, que lleva a una excesiva acumulación ósea con un aumento de la densidad (esclero-sis). Existen varios tipos y todos ellos son de origen genético. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 37 años que llega a la consulta sin diagnóstico previo, por dolor en miembros inferiores de larga evolución con reagudizaciones, asociado a deformidad e impotencia funcional, que cedía parcialmente con analgésicos comunes. (AU)

Bone sclerosing dysplasia is an affectation of the intrinsic development of the skeleton by an alteration in bone formation and modeling. It causes excessive bone accumulation with an increase in density (sclerosis). There are several types of bone sclerosing dysplasia. They are of genetic origin. We report here a 37 year-old patient without a previous diagnosis of sclerosing bone dysplasia who was seen in the clinic for pain in the lower limbs associated with bone deformity with only partial response to analgesics. (AU)

Educação permanente em lesões crônicas de pele: relato de experiência / Educación permanente en lesiones crónicas de la piel: relato de experiencia / Permanent education in chronic skin injuries: experience report

RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a experiência de Educação Permanente em Saúde, realizada por meio de ações de extensão por profissionais, docentes e estudantes de Enfermagem, sobre lesões crônicas de pele, de 2017 a 2020, com profissionais de Enfermagem em uma parceria entre a Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Método: relato de experiência que descreve quatro ações extensionistas. Os resultados foram correlacionados à política pública de Educação Permanente em Saúde. Resultados: ações desenvolvidas por meio de extensão universitária proveram a elaboração e a edição de cartilha de autocuidado das pessoas com úlceras de perna e de orientações sobre lesões de pele aos profissionais de Enfermagem. As cartilhas foram impressas e divulgadas em oficinas educativas, constituindo-se em forma de Educação Permanente em Saúde na Atenção Primária à Saúde, contemplando 64 trabalhadores, em 2018, e 171, em 2019. Em 2020, em função da pandemia, o curso foi ofertado de forma virtual, na plataforma Moodle, por meio de webconferências e postagem de trabalhos, abrangendo 135 profissionais de Enfermagem. Considerações Finais: as experiências relatadas e a lacuna de desenvolvimento informada como necessária à qualificação dos profissionais de Enfermagem destacaram a necessidade de Educação Permanente em Saúde para potencializar a autonomia dos profissionais de Enfermagem no cuidado de pessoas com lesões crônicas de pele na medida em que eles se constituem protagonistas do cuidado.

RESUMEN Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de Educación Permanente en Salud, realizada por medio de acciones de extensión por profesionales, docentes y estudiantes de Enfermería, sobre lesiones crónicas de la piel, de 2017 a 2020, con profesionales de Enfermería en una asociación entre la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul y la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Método: relato de experiencia que describe cuatro acciones extensionistas. Los resultados fueron correlacionados a la política pública de Educación Permanente en Salud. Resultados: acciones desarrolladas por medio de extensión universitaria proporcionaron la elaboración y la edición de cartilla de autocuidado de las personas con úlceras de pierna y de orientaciones sobre lesiones de piel a los profesionales de Enfermería. Las cartillas fueron impresas y divulgadas en talleres educativos, constituyéndose en forma de Educación Permanente en Salud en la Atención Primaria a la Salud, contemplando 64 trabajadores, en 2018, y 171, en 2019. En 2020, por cuenta de la pandemia, el curso fue ofrecido de forma virtual, en la plataforma Moodle, por medio de webconferencias y publicación de trabajos, abarcando 135 profesionales de Enfermería. Consideraciones Finales: las experiencias relatadas y la laguna de desarrollo informada como necesaria para la cualificación de los profesionales de Enfermería destacaron la necesidad de Educación Permanente en Salud para potenciar la autonomía de los profesionales de Enfermería en el cuidado de personas con lesiones crónicas de la piel en la medida en que se constituyen protagonistas del cuidado.

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the experience of Continuing Education in Health carried out through extension actions by nursing professionals, professors, and students, on chronic skin lesions, from 2017 to 2020, with nursing professionals in a partnership between the School of Nursing of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Porto Alegre Municipal Health Department, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Method: experience report that describes four extension actions. The results were correlated to the public policy of Permanent Education in Health Results: actions developed through university extension provided the elaboration and edition of a self-care booklet for people with leg ulcers and guidance on skin lesions for nursing professionals. The booklets were printed and disseminated in educational workshops, constituting the form of Permanent Health Education in Primary Health Care, covering 64 workers in 2018 and 171 in 2019. In 2020, due to the pandemic, the course was offered from virtual form, on the Moodle platform, through web conferences and posting of works, covering 135 nursing professionals. Final Considerations: the experiences reported, and the development gap reported as necessary for the qualification of nursing professionals highlighted the need for Permanent Education in Health to enhance the autonomy of nursing professionals in the care of people with chronic skin lesions, as they become protagonists of care.

Common femoral artery doppler findings pre and post hyperbaric oxygen therapy for leg ulceration / Achados de doppler da artéria femoral comum antes e depois da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica para úlcera de perna / Hallazgos de doppler de la arteria femoral común antes y después de la terapia con oxígeno hiperbárico para la ulceración de la pierna

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) assumes that high pressure hyperoxygenation causes faster tissue recovery and wound healing. Lower extremity flow rates are affected by leg ulcers that change vasodilation, microcirculation resistance, and local tissue demands; how blood hyper oxygenation influences these factors is still unclear. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) has been mostly associated with HBOT results in the femoral artery than in other arteries. Common femoral artery (CFA) peak systolic velocities (PSV), measured pre and post HBOT, were analyzed to research HBOT hemodynamics. Sixteen patients with leg ulcers who were 65 ± 11 (SD) (38-87) years-old, had HBOT of 90 minutes at 2.6 ATA. Bilateral CFA Doppler velocity waveforms were recorded immediately pre and post HBOT. Ulcerated vs non-ulcerated peak systolic velocity (PSV) data were compared using paired t-test. CFA PSV were significantly equal in the ulcerated and non-ulcerated extremities before HBOT: 114 ± 35 (SD) cm/s vs 116 ± 41 cm/s (p = 0.87 by paired t-test). CFA PSV in the ulcerated extremity increased to 122 ± 35 cm/s after HBOT but were statistically insignificant (p =.19 by one-tailed paired t-test). On the other hand, CFA PSV decreased to 103 ± 28 cm/s (p =.049 by one-tailed paired t-test) in the non-ulcerated extremity and were significantly lower after HBOT, with 103 ± 28 cm/s vs 122 ± 35 cm/s for the ulcerated limb (p =.02 by paired t-test). Blood velocity responses post HBOT showed differences between ulcerated vs non-ulcerated extremities. The non-ulcerated extremity apparently responded to oxygenation more than the ulcerated extremity. Such observation suggests further research on hemodynamic reactions caused by HBOT.

A oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (HbOT) assume que a oxigenação de alta pressão resulta em mais celeridade na recuperação do tecido e na cicatrização de feridas. As taxas de fluxo nas extremidades inferiores são afetadas por úlceras nas pernas que alteram a vasodilatação, a resistência da microcirculação e as demandas locais de tecido; esses fatores podem ser influenciados pela hiperoxigenação sanguínea de maneiras ainda não claramente compreendidas. A doença arterial oclusiva periférica femoral (DAOP) tem sido associada a melhores resultados de HBOT quando comparada a outras artérias. As velocidades sistólicas de pico (PSV) da artéria femoral comum (CFA) medidas antes e depois da HBOT foram analisadas como parte de um projeto de pesquisa da hemodinâmica da HBOT. Dezesseis pacientes com úlceras de perna, com idade 65 ± 11 (DP), 38-87 anos, realizaram HBOT com duração de 90 minutos a 2,6 ATA. As formas de onda de velocidade do Doppler CFA bilateral foram registradas imediatamente antes e depois da HBOT. Os dados de PSV ulcerado vs. não ulcerado foram comparados usando o teste t pareado. Pre HBOT CFA PSV não foi significativamente diferente nas extremidades ulceradas e não ulceradas: 114 ± 35 (DP) cm/s vs 116 ± 41 cm/s (p = 0,87 pelo teste t pareado). O PSV pós HbOT CFA na extremidade ulcerada aumentou para 122 ± 35 cm/s, mas não atingiu significância estatística (p = 0,19 pelo teste t pareado unicaudal). Em contraste, CFA PSV na extremidade não ulcerada diminuiu para 103 ± 28 cm/s (p = 0,049 pelo teste t pareado unicaudal). O pós-HbOT CFA PSV foi significativamente menor no membro não ulcerado, 103 ± 28 cm/s vs 122 ± 35 cm/s para o membro ulcerado (p = 0,02 pelo teste t pareado). As respostas da velocidade do sangue após HbOT mostraram diferenças entre as extremidades ulceradas e não ulceradas. Aparentemente, a extremidade não ulcerada respondeu mais significativamente à oxigenação do que a extremidade ulcerada. Tal observação sugere pesquisas adicionais sobre as reações hemodinâmicas decorrentes da HbOT.

La terapia de oxígeno hiperbárico (HbOT) asume que la hiperoxigenación a alta presión da como resultado una recuperación más rápida de los tejidos y una cicatrización de heridas. Las tasas de flujo de las extremidades inferiores se ven afectadas por úlceras en las piernas que alteran la vasodilatación, la resistencia de la microcirculación y las demandas de los tejidos locales; estos factores pueden verse influenciados por la hiperoxigenación de la sangre, de formas que aún no se han entendido con claridad. La enfermedad oclusiva arterial periférica femoral (PAOD) se ha relacionado con los mejores resultados de HbOT que otras arterias. Las velocidades sistólicas máximas (PSV) de la arteria femoral común (CFA) medidas antes y después de la HbOT se analizaron como parte de un proyecto para investigar la hemodinámica de la HbOT. Dieciséis pacientes con úlceras en pierna, 65 ± 11 (DE) (38-87) años, 12 hombres, 11 diabéticos, tenían HbOT de 90 minutos a 2,6 ATA. Se registraron formas de onda de velocidad de CFA Doppler bilaterales inmediatamente antes y después de la HbOT. Se compararon los datos de la velocidad sistólica máxima (PSV) ulcerada frente a la no ulcerada mediante la prueba t pareada. Pre HbOT CFA PSV no fue significativamente diferente en las extremidades ulceradas y no ulceradas: 114 ± 35 (DE) cm/s vs 116 ± 41 cm/s (p = 0,87 por prueba t pareada). Post HbOT CFA PSV en la extremidad ulcerada aumentó a 122 ± 35 cm/s pero no alcanzó significación estadística (p =.19 por prueba t unilateral pareada). En contraste, CFA PSV en la extremidad no ulcerada disminuyó a 103 ± 28 cm/s (p =.049 por prueba t unilateral pareada). El PSV después de la HbOT CFA fue significativamente menor en la extremidad no ulcerada, 103 ± 28 cm/s frente a 122 ± 35 cm/s para la extremidad ulcerada (p = 0,02 según la prueba t pareada). Las respuestas de velocidad sanguínea post HbOT mostraron diferencias entre las extremidades ulceradas y no ulceradas. Aparentemente, la extremidad no ulcerada respondió más significativamente a la oxigenación que la extremidad ulcerada. Tal observación sugiere una mayor investigación sobre las reacciones hemodinámicas debidas a la HbOT.

Síndrome compartimental bilateral de pierna tras posición de litotomía prolongada: presentación de un caso clínico / Bilateral leg compartment syndrome after prolonged lithotomy position: clinical case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome compartimental es una complicación infrecuente pero severa que puede aparecer ante una posición de litotomía prolongada y el uso de perneras. OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de síndrome compartimental bilateral tras posición de litotomía prolongada asociada con el uso de perneras. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Paciente varón de 43 años sometido a una cirugía urológica en posición habitual de litotomía durante un periodo de 6 horas. A las 2 horas de finalizar la cirugía, el paciente presentó dolor intenso y endurecimiento de compartimento anterior y lateral de ambas piernas, junto con una elevación de la creatina quinasa sérica (valor inicial de 109 U/L que se elevó hasta 7.689 U/L a las 12 horas) y una imposibilidad para la flexión dorsal pasiva de ambos tobillos. El paciente no sentía dolor en el resto de los compartimentos. RESULTADOS: Ante la sospecha de un síndrome compartimental anterolateral, se realizó fasciotomía bilateral urgente, y se observó una disminución de la perfusión muscular y mejoría de la misma tras apertura de la fascia. Se realizaron curas periódicas cada 48 horas, y se observó viabilidad del tejido hasta su cierre definitivo a los 4 días. A las 2 semanas, el paciente presentó fatiga ligera para la deambulación sin ayuda, con tumefacción en el compartimento lateral de ambas piernas. A los 10 meses de evolución, el paciente caminaba sin ayuda y con función muscular completa. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de la asociación del síndrome compartimental y la cirugía laparoscópica prolongada es esencial para un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento quirúrgico inmediato, para evitar graves secuelas. Los buenos resultados de nuestro paciente se deben a la rápida actuación, ya que normalmente se suele demorar. Para evitar su aparición o disminuir su incidencia, la posición de litotomía debería limitarse a aquellos momentos de la cirugía en los que sea imprescindible, modificando la posición de las piernas cada dos horas en caso de cirugías prolongadas, para prevenir dicha complicación.

Compartment syndrome is a rare but severe complication resulting from a prolonged lithotomy position and the use of leg loops. PURPOSE: To present a case of bilateral compartment syndrome after prolonged lithotomy position associated with the use of leg loops. METHODS: A 43-year-old man underwent urological surgery in the usual lithotomy position for a 6-hour period. Two hours after the end of the surgery, the patient presented severe pain and stiffening of the anterior and lateral compartments of both legs, elevated serum creatine kinase levels (the baseline value of 109 U/L increased to 7,689 U/L at 12 hours), and inability for passive dorsiflexion of both ankles. The patient reported no pain in the other compartments. RESULTS: Suspicion of an anterolateral compartment syndrome resulted in an urgent bilateral fasciotomy; muscle perfusion was decreased, and it improved after fascial opening. Dressings were changed every 48 hours, and tissue viability was observed until the final closure at 4 days. At two weeks, the patient presented slight fatigue when walking with no assistance, in addition to swelling in the lateral compartment of both legs. Ten months after surgery, the patient walked with no assistance and with complete muscle function. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the association between compartment syndrome and prolonged laparoscopic surgery is essential for an early diagnosis and immediate surgical treatment to avoid serious sequelae. In our patient, the good outcomes resulted from quick action, since diagnosis is often delayed. Limiting the lithotomy position to those surgical moments in which it is essential and changing the position of the legs every 2 hours during prolonged procedures can reduce the occurrence and incidence of compartment syndrome, preventing this complication.

An accessory muscle of the posterior compartment of leg of clinical significance: a cadaveric case report / Un músculo accesorio del compartimento posterior de la pierna de importancia clínica: reporte de un caso cadavérico

SUMMARY: Accessory and anomalous muscles are common in humans, although their unique morphologic characteristics can make accurate identification difficult. In this case report, we attempt to identify an anomalous accessory muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg [Compartimentum posterius cruris] detected during cadaveric dissection and discuss its clinical significance. The muscle was found on the right lower limb of an 81-year-old female cadaver and extended from the distal femur to attach to the gastrocnemius muscle at the point where the medial and lateral heads fuse. At its origin, the muscle was found lateral to the popliteal vessels and crossed posterior to these vessels and tibial nerve. It displayed characteristics similar to both an accessory plantaris muscle and gastrocnemius tertius, thus making its ultimate identification difficult. Though the muscle displayed a morphologically similar appearance to the plantaris, we suggest that its common insertion with the gastrocnemius best identifies it as a gastrocnemius tertius. In addition, due to its relationship with the popliteal neurovasculature, it is possible that this muscle could have resulted in neurovascular entrapment although it is unknown whether or not this cadaver exhibited symptoms.

RESUMEN: Los músculos accesorios y anómalos son comunes en los seres humanos, aunque sus características morfológicas pueden dificultar la identificación precisa. En este reporte de caso, intentamos identificar un músculo accesorio anómalo del compartimento posterior de la pierna [Compartimentum posterius cruris] detectado durante la disección cadavérica y discutir su importancia clínica. El músculo fue encontrado en el miembro inferior derecho de una mujer de 81 años de edad y se extendía desde la parte distal del fémur para unirse al músculo gastrocnemio en la fusión de sus cabezas medial y lateral. En su origen, el músculo se encontraba lateral a los vasos poplíteos y cruzaba posteriormente a estos vasos y al nervio tibial, presentando características similares tanto al músculo plantar accesorio como al gastrocnemio tercero, lo que dificultaba su identificación final. Similar al músculo plantar, sugerimos que debido a su inserción común con el gastrocnemio lo identifica mejor como un músculo gastrocnemio tercero. Además, debido a su relación con la neurovasculatura poplítea, es posible que este músculo haya dado lugar a un síndrome de compresión neurovascular aunque se desconoce si este individuó presentó síntomas o no en vivo.

Intra and intersession repeatability and reliability of dynamic parameters in pressure platform assessments on subjects with simulated leg length discrepancy. A cross-sectional research

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) may play a key role in exercise biomechanics. Although the Podoprint platform has been used in dynamic pressure studies, there are no data regarding the reliability and repeatability of dynamic measurements under simulated LLD conditions. OBJECTIVES: To determine the intra and intersession repeatability and reliability of dynamic parameters of the Podoprint pressure platform under simulated LLD conditions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational cross-sectional study at a public university. METHODS: Thirty-seven healthy volunteers participated in this study. LLD was simulated using ethyl vinyl acetate plantar lifts with heights of 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm located under the right shoe of each volunteer. The procedure was performed to capture the dynamic parameters of each participant under five different simulated LLD conditions. Stance time, mean pressure and peak pressure measurements were registered in three trials for each foot and each LLD level. Data were collected during two separate testing sessions, in order to establish intrasession and intersession reliability. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intrasession reliability ranged from 0.775 to 0.983 in the first session and from 0.860 to 0.985 in the second session. The ICCs for intersession reliability ranged from 0.909 to 0.990. Bland-Altman plots showed absence of systematic measurement errors. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate that the Podoprint platform is a reliable system for assessing dynamic parameters under simulated LLD conditions. Future studies should evaluate plantar pressures under LLD conditions, in association with exercise, biomechanics and musculoskeletal disorders.

Efeitos do fortalecimento muscular do tríceps sural na função da bomba venosa na insuficiência venosa crônica / Effects of strengthening the surae triceps muscle on venous pump function in chronic venous insufficiency

Resumo Contexto A insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC) é uma doença comum, uma disfunção da bomba muscular da panturrilha que repercute na hemodinâmica das estruturas. Objetivos Analisar os efeitos dos exercícios de fortalecimento muscular da panturrilha na hemodinâmica venosa em pacientes com IVC. Métodos O estudo contou com a participação de 13 pacientes e 25 membros inferiores com IVC, classificados entre C1 e C5 da classificação Clínica, Etiologia, Anatomia e Fisiopatologia (CEAP), oriundos do ambulatório de cirurgia vascular do Hospital Universitário Regional dos Campos Gerais. As variáveis analisadas foram dinamometria isométrica, goniometria, perimetria, adipometria no início, primeiro mês, segundo mês e final da aplicação do protocolo de exercícios. Resultados Os valores da dorsiflexão e da plantiflexão aumentaram 5º (p < 0,001). Na adipometria notou-se uma redução de 5 mm (p < 0,001). Quando separados em grupos pela CEAP, na C2 houve aumento de 5º na dorsiflexão (p = 0,02) e na plantiflexão (p < 0,001); na C3 houve aumento de 5º na dorsiflexão (p = 0,003) e redução de 1 mm na adipometria (p < 0,004); na C1 houve aumento da perimetria de 1,2 cm (p = 0,04). Conclusões A aplicação de protocolos de exercícios deveria ser considerada como uma forma de tratamento para IVC, pois impacta positivamente em fatores de risco e nas funções que estão deterioradas pela patologia.

Abstract Background Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common disease that causes calf muscle pump dysfunction and has repercussions for the hemodynamics of the structures involved. Objectives To analyze the effects on venous hemodynamics of exercises to strengthen the calf muscles in patients with CVI. Methods The study analyzed 25 lower limbs with CVI, classified from C1 to C5 according to the Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification, in 13 patients recruited from a Lymphedema and Angiodysplasia Clinic at the Hospital Universitário Regional dos Campos Gerais (Brazil). The variables analyzed were collected by isometric dynamometry, goniometry, leg circumference measurement, and adipometry at baseline, after 1 month and 2 months and at the end of the exercise protocol. Results Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion measurements increased by 5º (p < 0.001). Adipometry detected a reduction in 5 mm (p < 0.001). When grouped by CEAP class, C2 exhibited 5º increases in dorsiflexion (p = 0.02) and plantar flexion (p < 0.001); C3 exhibited a 5ºincrease in dorsiflexion (p = 0.003) and a 1mm reduction in adipometry (p < 0.004); and C1 exhibited a 1.2cm increase in leg circumference (p = 0.04). Conclusions Administration of exercise protocols should be considered as a treatment option for CVI, since it has a positive impact on risk factors and on the functions that are impaired by this pathology.

Continuous peripheral nerve block for in-patients with lower limb ischemic pain

OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate that continuous peripheral nerve block (CPNB) may be an alternative with adequate analgesia and a lower incidence of side effects for ischemic pain due peripheral obstructive arterial disease (POAD). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with 21 patients with POAD, Fontaine IV graded, with foot pain. Patients were submitted to continuous sciatic nerve block (CSNB), through a perineural catheter. Primary outcomes were pain intensity (by numerical rating scale) and opioid consumption (in oral morphine equivalents). RESULTS: During CSNB, pain scores markedly decreased in comparison to the pre-block period. CONCLUSIONS: CPNB may be a good option for ischemic pain treatment in in-patients, as it provides effective pain control with fewer adverse effects.

The impact of exercise training on calf pump function, muscle strength, ankle range of motion, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic venous insufficiency at different stages of severity: a systematic review / O impacto do treinamento físico na função da bomba da panturrilha, força muscular, amplitude de movimento do tornozelo e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em diferentes estágios de gravidade da insuficiência venosa crônica: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Exercise training (ET) is an important tool in the management of patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The objective of this article was to discuss the effects of ET on the calf pump, functional parameters, and quality of life of patients with mild and advanced CVI. A systematic review was conducted and eleven studies were included. In patients with mild CVI, ET was effective for improving venous reflux, muscle strength, ankle range of motion, and quality of life. In advanced CVI patients, ET increased ejection fraction, reduced residual volume fraction, and improved muscle strength and ankle range of motion, but did not change venous reflux indices or quality of life. It is concluded that ET is effective for improving calf pump function, muscle strength, and ankle range of motion in CVI. In patients with mild CVI, additional benefits were observed in quality of life.

Resumo O treinamento físico é uma importante ferramenta no tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica. O objetivo foi discutir os efeitos do tratamento físico na bomba da panturrilha, os parâmetros funcionais e a qualidade de vida de pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica leve e avançada. Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada, e 11 estudos foram incluídos. Na insuficiência venosa crônica leve, o treinamento físico foi eficaz na melhora do refluxo venoso, da força muscular, da amplitude de movimento do tornozelo e da qualidade de vida. Na insuficiência venosa crônica avançada, o treinamento físico aumentou a fração de ejeção, reduziu a fração de volume residual e melhorou a força muscular e amplitude de movimento do tornozelo, sem alterações nos índices de refluxo venoso e na qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que o treinamento físico é eficaz na melhoria da bomba da panturrilha, da força muscular e da amplitude de movimento do tornozelo na insuficiência venosa crônica. Em pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica leve, foram encontrados benefícios adicionais na qualidade de vida.

Insuficiência venosa crônica e uso de meia elástica de compressão graduada: uma análise sobre a adesão ao tratamento em pacientes do SUS / Chronic venous insufficiency and graduated compression stockings: analysis of public health system patients' adherence to treatment

Resumo Contexto A insuficiência venosa crônica é uma doença de alta prevalência mundial, podendo chegar a até 80% da população. Sua incidência aumenta com a idade e é mais frequente no sexo feminino. Das opções terapêuticas, destaca-se a terapia compressiva, sendo a principal o uso de meia elástica de compressão graduada, considerado o tratamento básico para a insuficiência venosa crônica independentemente da classificação clínica do paciente. Na prática clínica, o resultado da terapia é prejudicado pela não adesão ao uso da meia. Objetivos Avaliar a taxa de adesão ao uso da meia elástica de compressão graduada, assim como compreender a problemática da não aderência ao tratamento. Métodos Estudo observacional transversal, realizado entre junho de 2017 até janeiro de 2019, mediante aplicação de questionário aos pacientes em ambulatório de cirurgia vascular do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em um hospital-escola, em Curitiba, no estado do Paraná (PR). Os dados foram analisados com o programa computacional IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.0. Resultados Foram analisados 240 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 57,5±12,9 (22-86); 84,2% eram do sexo feminino. Do total de pacientes analisados, 106 (44,2%) não aderiram ao uso das meias. As justificativas para o não uso foram: questão financeira, dor, desconhecimento da necessidade, calor e outras. Conclusões A taxa de adesão encontrada no presente estudo foi de 55,8%, e o principal motivo para o não uso foi a questão financeira.

Abstract Background Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a pathology of great importance due to its high worldwide prevalence, affecting up to 80% of the population. Its incidence increases with age and is more frequent in females. One of the most important treatment options is compression therapy and the main method employed is wearing graduated compression stockings, which is considered the basic treatment for CVI regardless of the patient's clinical classification. In clinical practice, treatment outcomes are impaired by patients not wearing the stockings properly. Objectives To analyze the rate of adherence to wearing graduated compression stockings and to understand the problem of treatment non-adherence. Methods Cross-sectional observational study conducted from June 2017 to January 2019, based on administration of questionnaires to patients at a SUS vascular surgery clinic at a teaching hospital, in Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.0 computer program. Results 240 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 57.5 ± 12.9 (22 - 86) and 84.2% of the sample were female. 106 of the 240 patients analyzed (44.2%) were non-adherent with wearing compression stockings. Reasons for not wearing the stockings were: financial; pain; ignorance of the need to wear them; heat; and others. Conclusions The adherence rate observed in the present study was 55.8% and the most prevalent reason for not wearing stockings was financial.

Impact of proximal femoral shape on leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of different proximal femoral shapes on leg length discrepancy(LLD) after total hip arthroplasty(THA).@*METHODS@#Total 131 patients with osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis received unilateral biological total hip arthroplasty from June 2013 to June 2019. All patients' age, sex, side and pelvis anteroposterior digital radiography were retraspectively analyzed. There were 69 males and 62 females, 57 cases of left hip and 74 cases of right hip. The age ranges from 25 to 89 with an average age of 62 years. There were 48 cases of osteoarthritis and 83 cases of osteonecrosis. In this study, femoral cortical index (FCI) was used as the classification of proximal femoral shape, and bilateral lower limb length differences were measured by preoperative and postoperative pelvis anteroposterior digital radiography. Grouping according to FCI:> 0.6 was Dorr A group, 0.5 to 0.6 was Dorr B group, 0.6, the postoperative LLD was 6.30 mm (IQR 1.00 to 10.95 mm). When FCI was 0.5 to 0.6, the postoperative LLD was 5.85 mm(IQR-0.55 to 8.90 mm). FCI<0.5, the postoperative LLD was 1.95 mm(IQR -2.50 to 6.68 mm). LLD comparison of different proximal femoral shape was statistically significant (@*CONCLUSION@#High FCI increases the risk of lower extremity prolongation after surgery on the affectedside, while low FCI reduces the risk of lower extremity prolongation after surgery on the affected side. The surgeon can assess the shape of the proximal femur of the patient preoperatively and inform the patient in advance of possible changes in leg length of both lower extremities after total hip replacement.

Progress in Anticoagulation of Calf Muscle Venous Thrombosis / 中国医学科学院学报

With the wide application of vascular Doppler ultrasound as well as the improvement of instrument precision and personnel operation practice,calf muscular venous thrombosis(CMVT)has been more and more frequently diagnosed among patients,becoming a common clinical disease.However,it is controversial about the anticoagulant therapy for CMVT patients.In this article,we summarize the current research progress of anticoagulation therapy,aiming to provide reference for the treatment of CMVT.

Associations of Sarcopenia, Handgrip Strength and Calf Circumference with Cognitive Impairment among Chinese Older Adults / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To evaluate the associations of sarcopenia, handgrip strength and calf circumference with cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults.@*Methods@#Totally 2,525 older adults were recruited from the Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study. Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination. Handgrip strength was calculated from the means of the right and left hand values. Calf circumference was measured at the site of maximum circumference of the non-dominant leg. The formula developed by Ishii was used to define sarcopenia. Multiple logistic regression was performed to evaluate the associations of sarcopenia, handgrip strength, and calf circumference with cognitive impairment.@*Results@#The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 34.36%. The adjusted odds ratio ( @*Conclusion@#Sarcopenia, identified by low handgrip strength and low calf circumference, was positively associated with cognitive impairment.

Unusual presentation of moyamoya disease with popliteal involvement: case report and review of the literature / Apresentação incomum de doença de moyamoya com envolvimento poplíteo: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract Moyamoya disease is a rare disorder that involves the cerebrovascular system. Usually, it leads to occlusion of the arteries of the cerebral system and causes cerebral circulatory complaints. A 48-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with intermittent claudication in both legs. Biphasic and monophasic waveform patterns were detected bilaterally in distal (trifurcation arteries) lower extremities with Doppler sonography. The patient therefore underwent systemic vascular examination. Computed tomography angiography revealed bilateral carotid occlusion at the level of supraclinoid segments, and opacifications were detected at the distal segments of the bilateral anterior cerebellar and middle cerebellar arteries. The patient was diagnosed with moyamoya disease, and anticoagulant treatment was started. In conclusion, most previous reports have presented the cerebrovascular involvement of moyamoya disease. However, this disease can involve different peripheral vascular systems and careful and systemic vascular examination is necessary for an exact diagnosis.

Resumo A doença de moyamoya é um distúrbio raro que envolve o sistema cerebrovascular. Normalmente, leva à oclusão das artérias do sistema cerebral e causa problemas circulatórios no cérebro. Uma mulher de 48 anos foi admitida em nossa clínica com claudicação intermitente em ambas as pernas. Na ultrassonografia com Doppler, foram detectados padrões de formato de onda bifásico e monofásico nas extremidades inferiores distais (artérias da trifurcação) de forma bilateral. Portanto, realizou-se o exame vascular sistêmico na paciente. A angiografia por tomografia computadorizada revelou oclusão carotídea bilateral no nível dos segmentos supraclinoides, e opacificações foram detectadas nos segmentos distais das artérias cerebelares anteriores e médias de forma bilateral. A paciente foi diagnosticada com doença de moyamoya, e o tratamento anticoagulante foi iniciado. Em conclusão, a maioria dos relatos anteriores apresentou o envolvimento cerebrovascular da doença de moyamoya. No entanto, essa doença pode envolver diferentes sistemas vasculares periféricos, e um exame vascular sistêmico minucioso é necessário para um diagnóstico exato.